Stumbling Stones Dammtorstraße 28

These small, brass, memorial plaques (stolpersteine or stumbling stones) were installed here outside the Hamburg State Opera House as a 2006 exhibition to remember some of the musicians killed by the Nazis.

A title stolperstein, referring to the twelve stolpersteine with names, states:
Here worked, until their escape, arrest, deportation, murder

* Conductor/Composer Gustav Brecher, born 1879, fled 1938 Belgium, escaped into death, May 1940, Ostend.
* Soprano, Camilla Fuchs, born 1886, deprived of rights/humiliated, fled into death 24.10.1941.
* Theater doctor, Dr. Max Fraenkel, born 1882, deprived of rights/humiliated, escaped into death, 21 March 1938.
* Choral singer Mauritz Kapper, fled 1934 Holland, ??? [fate unknown].
* Workshop manager Jakob Kaufmann, born 1870, deported 1942 Theresienstadt, murdered 8 February 1943.
* Contralto, Ottilie Lattermann nee Metzger, born 1878, fled 1939 Belgium, deported 1942, murdered in Auschwitz.
* Choral singer, Kurt ‘Abraham’ Salnik, born 1894, fled 1939 Riga, ??? [fate unknown].
* Orchestra, Bruno Wolf, born 1872, deprived of rights/humiliated, stroke, dead 7.10.1937.
* Music director/Kappellmeister, Hermann Frehse, born 1896, deprived of rights/humiliated 1933, Hütten police prison, dead.
* Tenor, Joseph Schmidt, born 1904, fled 1940 Belgium, concentration camp Girenbad, dead 16-11-1942.
* Contralto ,Magda Spiegel, born 1887, deported 1942, Theresienstadt, Auschwitz 1944, murdered.
* Director/Composer, Viktor Ullmann, born 1898, deported 1942, Theresienstadt, 1944 Auschwitz, murdered.

Background

"Stolpersteine" is an art project for Europe by Gunter Demnig to commemorate victims of National Socialism (Nazism). Stolpersteine (stumbling stones) are small, 10x10cm brass plaques placed in the pavement in front of the last voluntary residence of (mostly Jewish) victims who were murdered by the Nazis. Each plaque is engraved victim’s with the name, year of birth, and place (mostly a concentration camp) and date of death. By doing this, Gunter Demnig gives an individual memorial to each victim. One stone, one name, one person. He cites the Talmud: "A human being is forgotten only when his or her name is forgotten."

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Source

• Text: Fedor de Vries & Anne Palmer
• Photos: Bernd Carstensen (1), Sven-Olaf Peeck (2, 3)
• Stolpersteine Hamburg: Dammtorstrasse
• Stolpersteine.eu